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Understanding waste generation and providing solutions to local communities through scientific methods
AHKMT has been conducting solid waste characterization studies in various towns and cities of Pakistan including Chakwal, Kasur, Swat, Bahrain, Mansehra, Balakot and Oghi. The studies established an understanding of the perception among local communities and stakeholders about solid waste management for sound environmental development suggesting solutions for waste reduction and converting waste into resource by identifying the opportunities and suggested recycling models for effective recycling operation and maintenance for solid waste.
The study samples 100 HHs, 30 shops, hospitals medical wastes from the same area, secondary waste collection points and final dumping sites. Through these studies AHKMT calculated waste generation and presented the results of a composition analysis of all types of solid wastes, identified potential opportunities for improvements of the solid waste disposal program, provided an overview of innovative or alternative disposal technologies reported as currently available in the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Solid waste generation is the result of human activities in their production and consumption cycle. Rapid development in Pakistan causes significant increases in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and negative impacts on the Environment and human health due to the inappropriate waste management system. A sustainable waste management system which ensures environmental safety and human health becomes a critical target of Pakistan. However, hardly any study provides holistic methods for planning a sustainable waste management that is environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable in socioeconomic of developing countries. Also, study on methods for evaluating social acceptance for waste management still lagged behind environmental and economic objectives. Study Areas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khyber Pakhtunkhwa<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Babuzai Studies (SNG) conducted in these mountainous tehsils and tourist destinations of Swat in collaboration with Oxford Policy Management<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Balakot The study (RRM) in these mountainous areas of Mansehra was conducted in collaboration AHT, (A German Bank)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Punjab<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Kasur Islamabad Capital Territory<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Union Council # 47 Tarnol Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tools<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Waste Wise Cities tools (developed by UNHABITAT and translated by AHKMT) Target samples<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 100 households Times Frame<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 7 to 8 Days<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Practical Approach: Tool Name Use of the Tool Target samples<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 100 households Times Frame<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 7 to 8 Days<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 Practical Approach: PROPOSED SOLUTIONS<\/strong> IRRCs are the best suggested solution to save the land from degradation. It saves fuel and other operational costs involved in handling the waste. The organic portion of the waste would be converted in compost which will make each IRRC self- sustained, initial capital cost is required for its construction only. Waste Reduction Centers (Kasur):<\/strong> Establishing one Waste Reduction Center (WRC) in each union council instead of land fill depot in Kasur district is highly recommended. At WRC waste recovery and segregation systems needs to be established to reduce the waste. These WRCs can be outsourced to private entities which will manage it by segregating the waste. They will sell recyclable waste and will separate green waste for animals. The scavengers have to be licensed and they will do work with Waste Reduction Center (WRC). It is suggested that waste has to be segregated within 24 hours at WRC at each union council and recyclable (20 to 25%) should be transported to industry, green waste (50 to 70%) for animal feed and rejected (15 to 20 %) has to be transported to landfill sites. The rejected has to be used for earth filling and RDF. It would be ideal to construct total 11WRCs, one for each 11 union councils in Kasur. An insight into our solid waste issues and their solution Understanding waste generation and providing solutions to local communities through scientific methodsAHKMT has been conducting solid waste characterization studies in various towns and cities of Pakistan including Chakwal, Kasur, Swat, Bahrain, Mansehra, Balakot and Oghi. The studies established an understanding of the perception among local communities and stakeholders about solid waste management for sound environmental development suggesting solutions for waste reduction and converting waste into resource by identifying the opportunities and suggested recycling models for effective recycling operation and maintenance for solid waste.The study samples 100 HHs, 30 shops, hospitals medical wastes from the same area, secondary waste collection points and final dumping sites. Through these studies AHKMT calculated waste generation and presented the results of a composition analysis of all types of solid wastes, identified potential opportunities for improvements of the solid waste disposal program, provided an overview of…<\/p>\n
Thus, this set of eight studies is aimed at developing a methodology for planning a sustainable waste management system in the social-economic conditions of Pakistan’s rural and urban centers. A series of 8 studies, comprising sampling of municipal waste and analysis of composition and generation were carried out by Dr Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Trust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/Bala-Kot-2-1024x768.jpg\")
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\u2022 Bahrain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Mansehra
\u2022 Oghi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The study (SNG) conducted in this farming town was in collaboration with Oxford Policy Management<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 Union Council # 4 KotHathyalBharaKahu
The study in these main markets and thickly populated suburban areas of ICT was conducted in collaboration with Engro<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/DSC00104-1024x768.jpg\")
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.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 30 commercial centres (Shops, 1 hotel, 2 schools)
\u2022 However, a reverse approach was adopted in Oghi (Mansehra) where 30 households and 100 shops were selected for the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 The key approach in the studies was to observe and record objectively the findings and situations regarding SWM in target areas.
\u2022 Engaged line departments at all steps especially for getting permission for conducting study and showing them the process and share the findings.
\u2022 Involved local representatives, community influential\/leaders, trade unions, schools and others to give them confidence and to get facilitation in study.
\u2022 Proper orientation of the team for conducting the state-of-the-art study and achieve best results.
Data Characterization<\/strong>
\u2022 To study the characteristics of solid waste including domestic and commercial management practices in target areas.
\u2022 To establish an understanding of the perception among local communities and stakeholders about solid waste management for sound environmental development
\u2022 To investigate and identify opportunities of business for the individuals and institutions of solid waste management.
\u2022 To assess how improved waste management practices can contribute to sustain the SWM processes in target communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/DSC02123-1024x768.jpg\")
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Survey form for solid waste HHs This tool gathers information regarding target HHs as relevant to solid waste and its impact on health, general expenses and other elements.
HHs survey analysis form This tool creates the summary analysis of HHs survey.
Survey form for commercial units This tool gathers information regarding target shops relevant to solid waste.
Analysis form for commercial units survey This tool creates summary analysis of shops surveyed.
Questionnaire for SWM line department This tool gathers the details of SWM in the target city by relevant line department.
Questionnaire for scavengers, sanitary workers This tool gathers information about stakeholders and informal sector who are working in solid waste business.
Questionnaire for scrape dealers This tool gathers information about scrap dealers who are working on solid waste business.
Recording sheet HHs daily waste This tool records the weight of waste collected from each of the 100 HHs.
Recording sheet of daily waste collection from shops This tool records the weight of each of the 30 shops on collecting waste.
Recording sheet for domestic waste composition analysis This sheet records the weight of each type of waste of total of 100 HHs after segregation and analyse.
Recording sheet for commercial waste composition analysis This sheet records the weight of each type of waste ofatotalof 30 shops after segregation and analyse.
Evaluation of study by HHs This tool gets the feedback of HHs regarding study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/DSC02313-1024x768.jpg\")
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\u2022 30 commercial centres (Shops, 1 hotel, 2 schools)
\u2022 However, a reverse approach was adopted in Oghi (Mansehra) where 30 households and 100 shops were selected for the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2022 The key approach in the studies was to observe and record objectively the findings and situations regarding SWM in target areas.
\u2022 Engaged line departments at all steps especially for getting permission for conducting study and showing them the process and share the findings.
\u2022 Involved local representatives, community influential\/leaders, trade unions, schools and others to give them confidence and to get facilitation in study.
\u2022 Proper orientation of the team for conducting the state-of-the-art study and achieve best results.
Data Characterization
\u2022 To study the characteristics of solid waste including domestic and commercial management practices in target areas.
\u2022 To establish an understanding of the perception among local communities and stakeholders about solid waste management for sound environmental development
\u2022 To investigate and identify opportunities of business for the individuals and institutions of solid waste management.
\u2022 To assess how improved waste management practices can contribute to sustain the SWM processes in target communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Construction of Integrated Resource Recovery Centers (IRRCs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/Waste-disposal-Bala-Kot-1024x768.jpg\")
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In Babuzai HHs survey, it has been found that on average each HH spends PKR2100\/- per month on medical needs. A clean healthy and hygienic environment due to efficient SWM system will reduce the number of diseases. In tehsil Babuzai, a three-ton green waste capacity IRRC has been advised which will daily produce 300 kg compost. Later, this model of IRRC can be replicated in other areas as well. Currently WSSC is transporting about 90 tons of green waste (60 % of total 150-tons waste) to landfill site daily which is causing environmental hazards. Constructing IRRCs would result in converting this waste into compost which will not only enrich the land but would also save the environment and land of Babuzai.
One-and-half ton green waste capacity IRRC has been advised for an individual farmer who can manage it if the WSSC company provides him the green waste at the IRRC.
In Bahrain, AHKMT proposes to construct two IRRCs, one in Qandeel, and second in Kalam. Construction of both IRRCs will cost PKR 68 million and will utilize 8-ton green waste daily giving back 800 kg compost for fields and gardens. The IRRC built at Qandeel can utilize the waste of some areas (3 village councils) of tehsil Matta as well.
In Balakot, the IRRCs is the best suggested solution to save the land from degradation, saving fuel and other operational cost which are currently being utilized in handling the waste. The organic portion of the waste would be converted in compost and this will be self- sustained model. The cost in shape of community health, and environment is very high. The IRRCs should be built at Hassa dumping site.
In Oghi, a three tons daily green waste capacity IRRC is suggested that will manage the green waste efficiently and will enrich the fields with organic compost.
Establishing Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) in Kasur to convert the green waste into compost is necessary. The green waste which remains after giving to animals can be utilized for compost production.
In Islamabad, a pilot project has been designed for 4,000 households from where daily segregated 5 tons waste would be collected and transported to Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) for reducing the waste by converting it into resource. The kitchen waste will be converted into compost while the recyclable plastic and other items will go to industry to be reused into new products. This facility will sustain itself generating revenue from the sale of compost and getting the monthly fee from households against the collection of waste from the door step. AHKMT will make the project functional and self-sustained and then hand it over to the CDA.
AHKMT has developed successful self-sustainable models of IRRCs in Islamabad and Mardan and the system can be replicated in the areas easily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.ahkmt.pk\/web\/media\/TMO-visit-Bala-Kot-Study-1024x768.jpg\")
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Primary Waste Collection System:
The primary waste collection system can help to make better the SWM in tehsil Bahrain. During the study it was found that HHs throw garbage in open plots and drains as the area lacks a primary waste collection mechanism. can outsource primary collection to private entities who would be permitted to collect monthly fee from HHs against primary waste collection services.
Whereas Nogazi is producing above 3-ton waste daily which is present in open plots and creating issue of environment and spoiling the underground water in the area. e-guard proposes a waste reduction plan as follows: Only less than 1-ton waste (reject) of Nogazi remains out of total 3 tons should be transported.
Community Mobilization (Nogazai):A strategy of community mobilization which will involve the following actions in Nogazai:
Establishing Line Committees: <\/strong>Line Committees would be established at each street level. In each street a volunteer line manager will work with HHs for training of waste reduction and use waste recycling and converting waste into resources. Here, the garden\/kitchen composting is to be promoted.
Establishing Mohalla Committees:Mohalla committees for 15 mohallas of Nogazi would be established which would be linked to line committees.
Neighborhood Council Committee:<\/strong> Neighborhood council committee will play the role of establishing liaison with line departments and stakeholders for better solid waste management system.
Primary Collection System for Nogazi: As per study 83% HHs are willing to pay average PKR. 148\/- per month against the HH waste collection. So it is proposed to establish primary collection of waste from HHs. Each family has to pay PKR. 200\/- for which local Nogazi Welfare Organization can facilitate to establish the system. This model would be replicated in other parts of the Mansehra as well.
Environment friendly events in summer season:<\/strong>
The district administrations in recreational spots like Babuzai, Bahrain and Balakot should conduct open air events every week at the spots which are frequented by the tourists. These events will educate and persuade tourists and local people to keep environment clean. Celebrities can be engaged for mobilization and motivation of general masses in these areas.
Raising awareness among local community and tourists:<\/strong>
Tehsil Municipal Administration at tourist spots like Babuzai, Bahrain and Balakot should use the already installed sign boards (that tells about the fruits of Swat) for education of local community and tourists.
These boards are in large number in tehsil Bahrain. AHKMT and e-guard can provide technical assistance to TMA Bahrain as how to display strong messages to save the river and area from pollution.
Give waste bags to jeeps drivers:<\/strong>
Approximately one thousand tourists travel every day in jeeps from Kalam to Mahudhand Lake in Balakot. The tourists throw litter in and around the lake which results in heaps of plastic and other wastes near the lake. It is suggested that every jeep driver must keep a bag in jeep and the wastes of tourists must be stored in that bag. When the jeep returns from MahudhandLake one person should collect the waste bag from the jeep drivers empty it and give it back to them on entry point of Kalam. This would discourage the waste throwing habits and would keep the area clean.
Green waste bin:<\/strong>
Hotels in Bahrain tehsil should be provided with a separate bin to fill the green and kitchen waste in it. Currently all waste goes in one bin which is transported to dumping sites. The green and kitchen waste can be utilized for animals in the area.
Training of hotels staff:<\/strong>
The staff of hotels can be oriented on the segregation of green and kitchen waste from other hotel waste. This will help to separate the green waste from other waste and then it could be used for animals feed in the area.
Establish complaint mechanism:<\/strong>
TMA Bahrain needs to set up a complaint mechanism through WhatsApp group and display of a complaint number near walls of secondary waste collection points in every target area. The beneficiaries can register their complaints regarding waste through call or text message. The referral mechanism should monitor the complaints and communicate it to relevant departments for a response and resolution of the issue.
Encourage organic gardening:<\/strong>
Currently farmers all around are confronted with the issue of non-availability of chemical fertilizers for wheat and other seasonal crops. AHKMT suggests that the farmers should convert the gardens in Swat on organic. There is a lot of potential in this area and farmers can earn better revenue against their investment as the cost on fertilizers would be less.
Establishing Waste Reduction Center\/ Haryali Center:<\/strong> A Waste Reduction Center is proposed to be established in Nogazi. This center will play the role of vacuum cleaner, utilizing recyclable and green waste as resource. TMA has to construct this waste reduction center for which 10 marla land would be required.
Teacher\u2019s Training: Schools can play a vital role by teaching waste management practices to students. This would be achieved by conducting training of teachers for all schools present in Nogazi.
Seed Bins with Children: All students of the schools have to be provided small bins which has partitions to preserve the seeds of vegetables and fruits. These seeds can be utilized for developing of green yards and green rooftops.
Plastic Solution by Engaging Schools:<\/strong> AHKMT suggests engaging public and private schools in Kasur city to end plastic waste in the area. District administration has to advise all schools to work with AHKMT to join the \u2018No Plastic \u2018campaign. In this campaign students would be provided cloth bags to hang in their kitchen. All types of plastic have to go in that bag by the families. The student will bring plastic weekly and in return AHKMT will provide the students pencils to use in school. This will help to end plastic that pollute the area and especially the river.
Animal farms on green waste<\/strong>
The animal farms can be initiated which would use green waste of hotels in Babuzai, Kalam and Bahrain, Nogazai, Balakot areas. Already the owners of goat farms visit hotels in Nogazi and collect green waste for their animals from dumping plots. The green waste of the HHs could be easily managed by them.
Establishing Nurseries: <\/strong>In Nogazi area nurseries can be established as it has vast stretches of land available. In these nurseries the compost produced from green waste can be utilized.
Green Roof Top Concept:<\/strong> The rooftop gardens are a unique learning experience for families in Nogazai. This impacts the lives of families in a variety of ways. As a result of AHKMT’s partnership with families, they are afforded the opportunity to learn the preservation and conservation of our natural resources by reducing and recycling plastic in their surroundings especially at households.
In this program the families take care the plants at their houses rooftops from where they get their food and also sell extra vegetables for family livelihood.
Private Companies Model:<\/strong> Already TMA Nogazai has awarded contracts to two private companies for primary waste collection. This model can be replicated in other areas which will resolve the issue of waste collection. These companies can be trained for waste reduction which will help to solve the waste management in Mansehra.
Small Compost Production Units.<\/strong> Construction of a small compost production units for each 100 HHs is recommended, for this TMA Balakot has to mobilize farmers where the farmers can produce their compost and sell the recyclable materials.
Deep Pit under Secondary Waste Collection Containers:<\/strong> The waste is found littered outside the TMA Balakot containers in the residential area. As the families send younger kids to throw garbage in containers and they cannot throw heavy bags of garbage in those containers. It is recommended that one or one and half feet deep pit should be dug to put the container in it which will make the situation better.
Converting Organic Waste into Meat: In Kasur one cow can utilize 20 to 40 Kg green waste, so green waste of Kasur has to be utilized as feed for cows to convert the green waste into meat. There are thousands of cows present in peri-urban areas of Kasur so the farmers have to be involved to purchase of green waste.
Dealing Vegetable Market Waste Separately:<\/strong> It is suggested that specific vehicles have to be used to collect specific waste like vegetable market separately, animal waste (dung) has to be collected by specific vehicle and these wastes should not be mixed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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